Sensory Processes
- Identification and Categorisation of Stimuli
Cross-Modal Matching
- Process of matching visual and auditory information
- Depends on cortex of the superior temporal sulcus
Auditory processing
- Nondominant hemisphere
- non-verbal aspect, recognition of harmony & melody
- Dominant hemisphere
- verbal aspect, naming of musical scores & all the semantic (writing, reading) aspects of music
Visual processing
- Visual object recognition
- Middle & inferior temporal gyri (areas 21 & 37) receive massive contingent fibers form striate cortex (area 17) & parastriate visual association areas (areas 18,19)
- Function
- Subserves visual discriminative functions eg:
- Spatial orientation
- Hippocampus
- Spatial Memory
- Estimation of depth & distance
- Stereoscopic vision
- Hue perception
- It integrates vision intimately with all forms of exteroception & proprioception
- Injury
- Bitemporal lobectomy in animals-'psychic blindness'
Sensory integration to form self awareness
- Temporal lobe is great integrator of 'sensations, emotions and behaviour'
- It is the site where sensory modalities are integrated into ultimate self-awareness
- Similar suprasensory integrative mechanisms are operative in parietal lobe, but only in the temporal lobe are they brought into close relationship to one's instinctive & emotional life
- Stream of thinking (internal conversation that is constant in waking state) requires language & memory functions, both of which involve temporal lobe
- Temporal lobe throughout the life assembles all fragments of present & past experiences of all kinds into awareness of personal integrity which is only interrupted by sleep
- Temporal neocortex functions to bring ultimate awareness that 'l am'.
Memory formation: Long-term storage of sensory input
- Structure: Mesial temporal lobe (Hippocampal formation, Amygdala, Entorhinal cortex, and Surrounding perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices)
- Formation of new memories about experienced events (episodic or autobiographical memory).
- But not necessary for working memory / procedural memory / memory storage.
- Memory consolidation
- Due to Hippocampal formation
- Damage to the hippocampus
- Profound difficulties in forming new memories (anterograde amnesia),
- Can affect access to memories prior to the damage (retrograde amnesia) but does not affect procedural memory
Affective Responses
- Emotional response is associated with a particular stimulus
- Limbic system
- Memory
- Papez circuit
- Emotions & Mood
- Amygdala
- Attitudes & Social Behavior
- Coordinate sensory events with bodily and visceral needs
- Regulate innate automatized activities concerned with feeding, searching, sex, & emotion-provoking situations
- Amygdala
- Neurotransmitters:
- For memory- acetyl choline
- Norepinephrine in medial parts of limbic system
- Amygdala, septal nuclei & lateral parts are rich in serotonin
Other
- Large-Scale Brain Networks of the Human Left Temporal Pole
- A dorsal network, with predominant connectivity to auditory and somato-sensorimotor regions, particularly those involved with language;
- A ventromedial network, predominantly connected to higher level visual regions;
- A medial network, connected to paralimbic structures; and
- An anterolateral network, connected to the default-semantic network
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