Neurosurgery notes/Anatomy/Spine

Spine

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Parent item
Anatomy
Sub-item
Lumbar spine
Cervical spine
Spinal muscle
Spinal cord
Thoracic spine
Spinal disc
Spinal ligaments
Spinal Segment
Motor Function
Sensory Function
Remarks
C2
None
Greater occipital nerve — occiput sensation
ㅤ
C4
Diaphragm
Clavicle
"C3–C5 keep the diaphragm alive"
C5
Deltoid (arm abduction)
Lateral arm
Biceps tendon reflex, radioperiosteal reflex
C6
Biceps and brachioradialis (forearm flexion)
Thumb
ㅤ
C7
Triceps (forearm extension)
Fingers 2 and 3
Triceps tendon reflex
C8
Finger flexors (grip strength)
Fingers 4 and 5
ㅤ
T1
Hand intrinsics (finger abduction)
Inside arm and forearm
ㅤ
T4
Intercostals
Nipples
ㅤ
T10
Upper abdominal muscles
Umbilicus
Abdominal cutaneous reflex
T12
Lower abdominal muscles
Belt line
Abdominal cutaneous reflex
L1
Adductors
Groin
ㅤ
L2
Iliopsoas, adductors
Inner thigh
Cremasteric reflex
L3
Adductors, quadriceps
Anterior thigh
ㅤ
L4
Quadriceps
Anterior thigh and shin
Patellar tendon reflex
L5
Foot extensors
Lateral thigh & calf to big toe
Caution:
a. L5 radiculopathy: affects multiple muscle groups (foot extension, inversion, hip rotation)
b. Peroneal nerve palsy: only foot extensor weakness
S1
Gastrocnemius
Posterolateral calf to little toe
Achilles tendon reflex
S2
Toe flexors
Posterior thigh
ㅤ
S3–S4
Bowel and bladder control
Perianal region
Bulbocavernosus reflex