Spinal cord lesions
What is pseudobulbar affect?
- AKA intermittent emotional expression disorder
- Characterized by involuntary displays of crying or laughing, typically without any associated feelings of sadness, depression, or euphoria.
- Associated with a variety of neurologic illnesses
- Multiple sclerosis (MS)
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Alzheimer disease
- Huntington disease
- Parkinson disease
- Stroke
- Traumatic brain injury.
Antibodies list
Antibody | Associated disorders |
Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR) and anti-muscle specific kinase (MuSK) | Myasthenia gravis |
Anti-NMDA receptor antibody | NMDAR-antibody encephalopathy |
Anti-voltage gated calcium channel antibody | Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome, Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration |
Anti-Aquaporin 4 antibody | Neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s disease) |
Anti-Hu (ANNA-1) | Subacute sensory neuropathy, limbic encephalitis, brain stem encephalitis, paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis |
Anti-Yo (PCA-1) | Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration |
Anti-Ri (ANNA-2) | Myoclonus/opsoclonus |
Anti-Tr | Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration |
Anti-GAD | Stiff person syndrome/cerebellar ataxia |
Anti-voltage gates potassium channel antibody | Neuromyotonia, limbic encephalitis (non-paraneoplastic) |
Anti-Ta/Ma2 | Limbic encephalitis (paraneoplastic) |
Anti-GQ1b | Guillain-Barré syndrome/Miller-Fisher variant |
Anti-myelin associated glycoprotein/sulfated glucoronul paragloboside | IgM Paraproteinemic neuropathy |
Anti-GD1b | Paraproteinemic neuropathy, CANOMAD (chronic ataxic neuropathy, ophthalmoplegia, M protein, cold agglutinins, anti-disialosyl antibodies) |
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