Age ranges
- newborn (ages 0–4 weeks)
- Infant (ages 4 weeks – 1 year)
- toddler(ages 1–2 years)
- preschooler (ages 3–5 years)
- school-aged child (ages 6–12 years)
- adolescent (ages 13–19).
Average term newborn:
- Weight is 3500 g
- Abnormal
- low birthweight is < 2500 g,
- very low birthweight < 1500 g
- extremely low < 1000 g
- Neonates with birthweight below the 10th percentile are termed small for gestational age, and may be genetic or due to intrauterine growth restriction.
- Height is 50 cm
- OFC: 32.5-38 cm (mean 35 cm).
- How to measure
- Measuring tape should encircle the head and include an area 1-2 cm above the glabella anteriorly and the most prominent portion of the occiput posteriorly.
- Head circumference increases approximately
- By 2 cm in first month
- By 6 cm in the first 4 months
- Approximately 1 cm/month during the first year of life
- Brain weight doubles by 4-6 months of age and triples by 1 year of age
- The majority of head growth is complete by 4 years of age
- Measurement of OFC in the newborn may be unreliable until the 3rd or 4th day of life since it may be affected by
- Caput succedaneum
- Cephalohematoma
- Molding
- It may be inappropriate to use a single head circumference standard for children in all countries or ethnic groups.
- The standard growth curves are not appropriate for monitoring the head size of children with certain medical conditions associated with
- macrocephaly (e.g. achondroplasia, neurofibromatosis) and other curves are available for these specific conditions.
- The circulating blood volume of a premature neonate is approximately 80 ml/kg
- If loss 10 % need to start transfusing
Gastrulation (notochordal integration) | Gastrulation (segmental notochordal formation) | Primary neurulation | Secondary neurulation | Ventral induction | Neural proliferation | Neuronal migration | Myelination |
Dorsal enteric fistula | Segmentation defects | Myelomeningocele | Lipoma of filum terminale (fatty filum)/conus | Holoprosencephaly | Microencephaly | Lissencephaly | Adrenoleukodystrophy |
Split cord malformation | Indeterminate/block vertebrae | Myelocele | Tight filum terminale | Septo-optic dysplasia | Macroencephaly | Heterotopia | Metachromatic leukodystrophy |
Neurenteric cyst | Caudal regression syndrome | Lipomyelomeningocele | Persistent terminal ventricle | Pituitary anomalies | Neurocutaneous syndromes | Pachygyria | Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease |
Dermal sinus* | Segmental spinal dysgenesis | Lipomyelocele | Terminal myelocystocele | Inferior cerebellar vermis hypoplasia | Aqueduct stenosis | Schizencephaly | ㅤ |
ㅤ | ㅤ | Intradural lipoma | ㅤ | Dandy-Walker spectrum | ㅤ | Polymicrogyria | ㅤ |
ㅤ | ㅤ | Dermal sinus* | ㅤ | Mega cisterna magna | ㅤ | Agenesis of corpus callosum | ㅤ |
ㅤ | ㅤ | ㅤ | ㅤ | Rhombencephalosynapsis | ㅤ | ㅤ | ㅤ |
ㅤ | ㅤ | ㅤ | ㅤ | Joubert syndrome | ㅤ | ㅤ | ㅤ |
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