Haemorhagic shock features in children
System | Mild Blood Loss (<30%) | Moderate Blood Loss (30-45%) | Severe Blood Loss (>45%) |
CVS | Increased HR, Weak, thready peripheral pulses, normal SBP (80-90+2 x age in years), normal pulse pressure | Markedly increased HR, Weak thready central pulses, Low normal SBP (70-80 +2 x age), narrowed pulse pressure | Tachycardia followed by bradycardia, Weak/absent central pulses, hypotension (<70+2 x age), widened pulse pressure or undetectable diastolic pressure |
CNS | Anxious, irritable, confused | Lethargic, dull response to pain | Comatose |
Skin | Cool, mottled, prolonged CRT | Cyanotic, markedly prolonged CRT | Pale and cold |
Urine output | Low to very low | Minimal | Anuric |
Normal values in Children
Age Group | Weight Range (kg) | Heart Rate (bpm) | BP (mmHg) | RR (breaths/min) | Urinary Output (ml/kg/h) |
Infant (0-12 months) | 0-10 | <160 | >60 | <60 | 2.0 |
Toddler (1-2 years) | 10-14 | <150 | >70 | <40 | 1.5 |
Preschool (3-5 years) | 14-18 | <140 | >75 | <35 | 1.0 |
School age (6-12 years) | 18-36 | <120 | >80 | <30 | 1.0 |
Adolescent (>13 years) | 36-70 | <100 | >90 | <30 | 0.5 |
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