- Vasodilator
- Beta-1 adrenoceptor stimulation,
- High pCO2,
- Nitric oxide,
- Prostaglandins (increase in ECF/CSF during hypotension),
- Perivascular K + (rises due to hypoxia and seizures),
- Local adenosine (hypotension and hypoxia).
- Vasoconstriction
- Alpha-2 adrenergic stimulation ??not sure if this is correct
- Free calcium ions
- Thromboxane A2
- Endothilin (via action of vascular smooth muscle endothilin A receptors)
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