PTED

PTED is carried out through a transforaminal technique under regional or local anesthesia, employing an endoscope that is introduced through a constricted working channel (ordinarily 7–8 mm) with the facilitation of fluoroscopic guidance.16 This method allows for direct access to the herniated disc fragment via the neural foramen, thus preserving the posterior spinal muscles, ligaments, and bony structures, such as the lamina and facet joints.1