Neurosurgery notes

Neurosurgery notes
A neurosurgery knowledge graft written by Neurosurgeons for Neurosurgeons. Concise point-form coverage for exams, residency, fellowship and practice

Features
Point form and cross linked topics
All text are in point form

Covers the entire neurosurgery curriculum
FRCS
ABNS
Mermaid flowcharts
Code based flowcharts are used to show treatment algorithms.

Contents
Vascular
Occlusive disease
Stroke
Cerebrovascular hemodynamics
Arterial dissection
Vertebral dissection
Traumatic cervical artery dissections
Spontaneous Cerebral Arterial Dissections
Occlusion syndrome
CADASIL
Thalamic stroke/vascular syndrome
Cerebellar infarction
TIA
Stroke investigation
Cranial Imaging
Stroke management
Stroke in young adults
Atherosclerotic carotid artery disease
Totally occluded Internal Carotid Artery
Intracranial Cerebral Atherosclerotic stenosis/occlusion
Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery infarction
Cardiogenic brain embolism
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI)
Bow hunter’s stroke
Tandem Occlusions
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Post traumatic CSVT
Post-operative Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (Gesteira et al 2019)
Moyamoya disease
Cerebral small vessel disease
Haemorrhagic diseases
Intraventricular haemorrhage
Newborn IVH/ICH
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH)
Investigation
Risk Factor ICH
Pathophysiology
Treatment ICH
Outcome/prognosis
Cerebellar haematoma
SAH
Pathophysiology of SAH
Aneurysm location
Aneurysm type
Investigation SAH
SAH grading
Management of SAH
SAH complication
Cerebral vasospasm
SAH Hydrocephalus
Rebleed
Post SAH Seizures
Neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy (NSC)
Neurogenic pulmonary oedema
SAH Hyponatraemia
SAH of unknown aetiology
Screening for aneurysm
Unruptured Aneurysm
Giant Aneurysm
Pathophysiology of aneurysms
SAH outcomes
Vascular tumours
Cavernous Hemangioma
AV shunt
Arteriovenous malformations
Cerebellar AVM
Tentorial Cerebellar AVM
Suboccipital Cerebellar AVM
Vermian Cerebellar AVM
Tonsillar Cerebellar AVM
Petrosal Cerebellar AVM
Frontal AVM
Basal frontal AVM
DAVF
CCF
Vein of Galen disease
Non AV shunt
Cavernomas
Capillary telangiectasia
Developmental venous anomalies
Vascular genetic disease
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT)
Sturge–Weber syndrome
Wyburn-Mason syndrome
Cobb syndrome
Capillary Malformation-Arteriovenous Malformation Syndrome (CM-AVM Syndrome)
Parkes-Weber syndrome
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome
General
Wilson screening criteria
Basic brain specs
Spine
Deformity
Radiological assessment in deformity
X-ray in deformity
CT in deformity
MRI in deformity
Imaging for osteoporosis
Clinical assessment
Systemic assessment
ASD-FI (Adult spinal deformity fragility index)
mFI (Modified Frailty Index)
mFI-5
Rockwood score
Levine PhenoAge Clock
CD-FI
LOIS Clinical examination
Classification-Spinal deformity
Lamartina & Berjano classification
Lenke-Silva levels of treatment
SRS-Schwab classification
Lenke classification
AdIS classification
Nash and moe classification
Obeid-coronal malalignment classification (European)
Nanjing classification
Spinal cord shape classification system (SCSCS)
Ames: Cervical spine deformity classification system
Kim: Types of cervical deformity
CSRS-Europe classification
Roussouly classification
Global Alignment Proportion (GAP) scoring system
Craniocervical deformity
Central pillar condition
Os Odontoideum
Congenital anomalies of the posterior atlas arch
Cervical kyphosis (CK)
Osteotomies for Ank-spond
Thoracic and lumbar deformity
Scoliosis
Adult scoliosis
Adult idiopathic scoliosis (AdIS)
Paediatric Idiopathic scoliosis
Early onset idiopathic scoliosis (EOIS)
Late onset idiopathic scoliosis (LOIS)
Suk Classification
Surgical management of LOIS
Neuromuscular scoliosis
Dystrophic scoliosis
Spondylolisthesis-induced scoliosis
Congenital scoliosis
Kyphosis
Paediatric kyphosis
Achondroplastic kyphosis
Congenital kyphosis
Scheuermann’s kyphosis
Spondylolisthesis
Dysplastic spondylolisthesis
Isthmic spondylolisthesis (spondylolysis)
Degenerative spondylolisthesis
High grade spondylolisthesis for L5/S1 spondyloptosis
Adjacent segment disease
CSF spine diseases
Syringomyelia
Cord herniation
Special diseases of the spine
Osteoporosis
Ankylosing diseases
Ankylosing spondylitis
DISH
OPLL
OLF
Paget’s disease
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Anterior atlantoaxial subluxation in RA
Monomelic Amyotrophy/Hirayama Disease
Vactrel association
Spinal vascular diseases
Fibro-cartilagenous stroke
Spinal cavernomas
Spinal vascular malformations AVF/AVM
Spinal AVM
Intradural dorsal AVF
Spinal AVF
Ischaemic myelopathy/spinal cord infarction
Spontaneous spinal haemorrhage
Spinal tumours
Intramedullary tumours
Spinal metastatic tumours
Metastatic spinal tumours cord compression (MSCC)- Bony spinal metastasis
Specific metastatic tumour types
NOMS
Spine Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS)
Prognostication - metastatic spinal tumour
Management of MSCC
MSCC Radiotherapy
MSCC Chemotherapy
MSCC Surgery
Intradural spinal metastasis
Primary spinal tumour classification
Spinal Degenerative Diseases
Cervical degenerative disease
Cervical radiculopathy
Degenerative cervical Myelopathy (DCM)
Silent spondylotic cervical cord compression
Other causes of myelopathy
Postlaminectomy cervical deformity
Cervical Spondylotic Amyotrophy (CSA)
Thoracic disc
Lumbar degenerative disease
Discogenic lumbar back pain
Acute low back pain
Facet joint arthropathy
Lumbar canal stenosis
Lumbar disc herniation (LDH)
Foot drop
CES (Cauda equina syndrome)
Scan negative CES
Spinal Trauma
Definitions
Spine injuries
Spinal cord injury
Cervical spinal fracture
C0-C2 injuries
C3-C7 injuries
Thoracolumbar fracture
Vertebral osteoporotic compression fractures
Vertebra plana
Spinal biomechanics
Sagittal alignment
Compensatory mechanism
Coronal alignment
Rotational
Spinal stability
Metal work technology
Crosslinking
Vertebral body and disc
Skeletal maturity
Alignment goals
Cervical spine
Spine general
Spinal examination
Oppenheim test
Queckenstedt's maneuver
Medial hamstring (L5) reflex
Bladder, bowel, sexual dysfunction
Yellow and red flag symptoms
Associate diseases of spine
Anatomy
Embryology
Gastrulation
6 stages of CNS maturation
Cerebellum
Brain flexures
Ventricular system
Vesicle formation
Spinal cord development
Skull and skull base development
Spine embryology
C1
C2
C3-7
Embryological spinal disorders
Cranial nerve development
Parasympathetic development
Vascular development
Meninges development
Deep grey matter
Basal Ganglia
Caudate nucleus
Subthalamic nuclei
Amygdala
Nucleus accumbens
Diencephalon
Metathalamus
Epithalamus
Posterior commissure
Habenular nuclei
Pineal gland
Thalamus (dorsal thalamus)
Clinical thalamus
Functional classification of thalamic nuclei
Anatomical classification of thalamic nuclei
Hypothalamus
Connections of the hypothalamus
Functions of Hypothalamus
Clinical hypothalamus
Ventral Thalamus
Zona Incerta
Reticular Nucleus
Subthalamic fasciculus
Subthalamic Nucleus (of Luys)
White matter tracts
General-WMT
Types of white matter tracts
Disconnection syndrome
Connectome
Neuroplasticity
Sulcal root model
Commissural fibres
Corpus callosum
Anterior commissure
Posterior commissure
Fornix
Projection fibres
Sagittal stratum
Corona Radiata
Internal capsule
External capsule
Association fibres
Superior longitudinal fasciculus
Middle longitudinal fasciculus
Inferior longitudinal Fasciculus
Uncinate fasciculus
Frontal aslant tract
Parietal aslant tract
Inferior frontoccipital fasciculus (IFOF)
Superior frontooccipital fasciculus
Cingulum
Mammilothalamic tract
Mammillotegmental tract
Dorsal/posterior longitudinal fasciculus (of Schütz)
Median forebrain bundle (MFB)
Diagonal band of Broca
Amygdalofugal pathway
Dorsal Amygdalofugal Pathway
Ventral amygdalofugal pathway
Central tegmental tract
Substantia innominata
Skull
Muscles of the skull
Craniometrics
Occipital bone
Frontal bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Peripheral nerves anatomy
Sacral plexus
Femoral plexus
Brachial plexus
Autonomic nerves
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Horner syndrome
Muscle
Neuromuscular Junctions
Sensory nerve
Motor nerves
Channels
Acetylcholine
Glutamate
Dopamine
GABA
Neurotransmitter
Nerve biology
Synapses
Axonal transport
Peripheral nerve fibres
Reflexes
Neuroglia
Cellular electrophysiology
Spine
Lumbar spine
Lumbar intervertebral foramen anatomy
Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae
Cervical spine
Cervical muscles
C1
C2
Spinal muscle
Spinal cord
Thoracic spine
Spinal disc
Spinal ligaments
Cranial nerves
CN 3
CN 4
CN 5
Auriculotemporal nerve
CN 6
CN 7
CN 9
CN 10
CN 12
Cerebellum
Cerebellar cortex (grey)
Cerebellar circuitry
Cerebellar specimen
Cerebellar veins
Cerebellar arteries
Cerebellar tracts
Cerebellar clinical presentation
Efferent cerebellar injury
Posterior fossa syndrome
Intracerebellar nuclei
Cerebellar function
Skull base anatomy
Anterior skull base
Superior orbital fissure
Superior orbital fissure syndrome
Sella
Dural ring
Dorsal clinoidal space
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior fossa
Foramen magnum
FM Clinical
Cerebellopontine angle
CPA clinical
Petrous bone anatomy
Jugular foramen
Meningeal anatomy
Tentorium
Meningo-orbital band (MOB)
Rhomboid lip
Triangles
Nerve anastomosis
CSF anatomy
Lateral ventricle
3rd ventricle
Foramen of munro
4th ventricle
Foramen of Luschka
Cisterns of the brain
Liliequist membrane
Tela choroidea
Sylvian fissure
Cisternal triangles
BBB
Glymphatics
Circumventricular organs
Cortex
Occipital lobe
Hemispheric dominance
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Foix–Chavany–Marie syndrome
SMA syndrome
Primary motor cortex
Frontal lobe examination
Insula
Insula clinical
Temporal lobe
Pathology of temporal lobe
Temporal lobe function
Veins temporal lobe
Artery of temporal lobe
Temporal lobe assessment
Mesial temporal lobe
Limbic system
Parahippocampal gyrus
Uncus (hook)
Hippocampus
Fimbria
Dentate gyrus
Amygdala
Choroidal fissure
Surgical anatomy
Neocortical layers
Sensory
Skin and sensory
Vestibular
Vestibular disorders
Auditory
Hearing disorders
Hearing assessment
Language processing
Taste
Olfactory
Olfactory disorders
Visual
Ocular disease
Arteritic AION
Nonarteritic AION
Optic neuritis
Oculomotor system
Nystagmus
Diplopia
Pupil
Eyelids
Parinauds syndrome
Visual processing
Eye assessment
Optic pathways
Retinal
Brainstem
Cranial nerve nuclei
Tracts
Reticular formations
Brainstem slices
Brainstem vascular supply
Relatively safe brainstem entry zone
Clinical conditions of the brainstem
Brainstem syndrome
Bulbar and Pseudobulbar Palsy
Brainstem specimen
Higher function
Speech centre
Spatial cognition
Praxias
Agonsia
Attention
Reading
Memory
Mentalizing and social cognition
Sensori-motor cognition
Vascular
Artery
ECA External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery (Anterior circulation)
Eponymous arteries
MCA (Middle cerebral artery)
ACA (Anterior Cerebral Artery)
Spinal artery
Embryonic vascular anastomosis
Posterior circulation- Vertebrobasillar
Choroidal arteries
Circle of willis
Perforating arteries
Clinical arterial conditions
Vascular perfusion area
Veins
Supratentorial veins
Tentorial veins
Infratentorial veins
Brainstem veins
Cavernous sinus
Cavernous sinus syndrome (CSS)
Tolosa Hunt syndrome
Spinal veins
Superior petrosal veins
Inferior petrosal sinus and veins
Paediatrics
Paediatric general
Myelination disease
Paediatric brain death
Primitive reflexes
Milestones
Ulegyria
Paediatric trauma
Paediatric GCS (<4yrs)
Fluid resuscitation in children
Haemorhagic shock in children
Paediatric Head Injury…
Severe Head Injury Management
Scalp Haematoma
Post-traumatic leptomeningeal cysts (growing skull
fractures)
Retroclival Haematoma
Nonaccidental Injuries (NAI)
Paediatric depressed skull fracture
Paediatric Spinal Trauma
Paediatric Cervical Spine Injury Mimics
Odontoid epiphysiolysis
SCIWORA
Paediatrics Thoracolumbar Spinal Injuries
Paediatric Cervical Spinal injuries
Birth related trauma
Paediatric traumatic aneurysm
Pregnancy and Neurosurgery
Pregnancy and spine
Pregnancy and shunt
Pregnancy and trauma
Imaging during pregnancy
Pregnancy and tumour
Pregnancy and neurovascular diseases
Pregnancy and seizures
Developmental abnormalities
Intracranial Anomalies
Anencephaly
Hydranencephaly
Microcephaly
Porencephaly
Septo-optic Dysplasia
Holoprosencephaly
Encephalocele
Posterior fossa encephalocele
Basal encephalocele
Fronto-ethmoidal encephalocele
Cranial vault encephalocele
Occipital encephalocele
Atretic parietal cephaloceles (APC)
Craniosynostosis
Osteopetrosis
Corpus callosum disease
Intracranial lipomas
Aqueduct stenosis
Arachnoid cyst
Spinal arachnoid cysts
Quadrigeminal cistern cysts
Suprasellar arachnoid cyst
Interhemispheric arachnoid cyst
Middle cranial fossa
Cranial Arachnoid cyst
Posterior Fossa Cystic Malformations
Joubert’s syndrome
Malformations of Cortical Development
Focal cortical dysplasia
Neuronal Migration and Organization Abnormalities
Lissencephaly
Heterotopia
X-linked lissencephaly (double cortex syndrome)
Polymicrogyria
Schizencephaly
Microdysgenesis
Macrocephaly
Macroencephaly
Craniospinal anomalies
Chiari 3
Chiari 2
Chiari 1.5
Chiari 1
Chiari 0
Spinal anomalies
Klippel-Feil Syndrome
Spinal Bifida
Split Cord Malformation
Myelomeningocele
Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis
Neural tube defects detection and prevention
Caudal Regression Syndrome
Spina bifida occulta (SBO)
Neurenteric Cyst
Congenital Lumbosacral Lipomas
Lipomyelocele
Lipomyelomeningocele
Dermal sinus tracts
Myelocystocele
Tethered Cord Syndrome (TCS)
Lumbosacral Nerve Root Anomalies
Achondroplasia
Spinal anomalies in achondroplasia
Craniocervical junction anomalies in achondroplasia
Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis (SSD)
Sacral Dimple
Paediatric Syndrome
Down syndrome
Larsen syndrome
Paediatric Vascular
Paediatric aneurysm
Paediatric AVM
Moyamoya
Procedures
Cranial procedures
General cranial procedures
Stereotaxis
Positioning
Ocular injury during GA
Nerve injury during GA
Crisis management
Burr holes and points
Cleaning agent
Skin incision
Skull clamp
Scalp block
Electrosurgery and cautery
Ultrasonic aspirator
Transfusion
Dura replacement or seal
Sutures
Prophylactic antibiotics
Theatre
Microscope
Fluorophores
Robots
Augmented reality systems
WHO Checklist
Approaches
Skull base approaches
Posterior fossa approaches
Far-lateral approach
Suboccipital craniotomy
Supratonsillar approach cerebellar peduncle
Telovelar approach
Extreme lateral supracerebellar infratentorial (ELSCIT) approach
Median supracerebellar infratentorial approach
Approaches to the jugular foramen
CPA approach
Retrosigmoid approach for cerebellar tumours (lateral)
Retrosigmoid intradural suprameatal approach (RISA)
Presigmoid approaches
Retrolabyrinthine (posterior petrosectomy) approach
Combined anterior-posterior petrosectomy
Translabyrinthine approach for vestibular schwannoma
Transotic
Transcochlear approach
Middle Fossa Approach
Pterional Craniotomy
Subtemporal approach
Extended Middle Fossa (Anterior petrosectomy) approach
Anterior fossa approaches
Transphenoidal approaches
Supraorbital vs endoscopic approaches to the anterior cranial fossa
Transsphenoidal surgery
Anterior Clinoidectomy
Eyebrow approach
Subfrontal approaches
Orbitozygomatic Craniotomy
Dolenc technique
Convexity approaches
Thalamic approaches
Anterior interhemispheric transcallosal approach (AITA)
Posterior interhemispheric transcallosal approach (PITA)
Supracerebellar infratentorial approach (SCITA)
Superior parietal lobule approach (SPLA)
Transtemporal gyrus approach (TTGA)
Transsylvian transinsular approach (TTIA)
Interparietal sulcus approach
Interhemispheric Craniotomy
Sylvian approaches
Pineal region approaches
Tumor cranial procedures
Technique to prevent haemorrhage and ischaemic complications
Surgical techniques in the management of intrinsic tumours
Intraop raised ICP
Repair of CSF leak
Subpial dissection
Pituitary surgery
Awake surgery
Brainstem biopsy
Neurophysiology
Evoked potentials
Cranial nerve monitoring
BAER
Facial nerve monitoring
Other CN monitoring
Peripheral nerve study
Conduction measurements
Electromyogram (EMG)
DBS microelectrode recording
Motor and sensory monitoring in spinal surgery
Brain mapping
Functional cranial procedures
Surgical treatment for seizure
Disconnective procedures
Resective procedure
Amygdalohippocampectomy
Anterior temporal lobectomy
Lesioning
SRS
Neuromodulation
Future tech
Vagal nerve stimulator
CNS drug infusion
Spasm
ITB underdosing or withdrawal
ITB Overdose
ITB infection
CNS drug infusion: Pain
Cranial stimulation
DBS (Lozano 2019)
DBS target
DBS target for psychiatric
DBS target for pain
DBS target for movement disorders
DBS for Parkinson disease
DBS for Dystonia
DBS for essential tremor
Stimulation side effects
DBS Emergencies
Cranial lesioning
Thalamotomy
Pallidotomy
Subthalamotomy
HIFU ablation
Management of pain
Spinal stimulation
Spinal cord stimulation
Dorsal root ganglion stimulation
SCS emergencies
Spinal lesioning
Peripheral nerve stimulation of pain
Myelotomy
Cordotomy
Percutaneous cordotomy
Open cervical cordotomy (Schwartz technique)
Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesions
MVD
Balloon compression
Radiofq rhizotomy (RFR)
CSF procedures
ETV
Fontanelle taps
EVD
Shunts
Types of shunt
Shunt siphoning
Shunts companies
Codman hakim
Medtronic
Mietke Gav 2.0
Shunt complications
Shunt tap
Shunt externalization
LP
Lateral C1–C2 Puncture
Trauma procedures
Exploratory burr holes
Vascular procedures
Carotid endarterectomy
Emergency carotid endarterectomy
Stereotactic guided aspiration of ICH
Vascular bypass
Direct revascularization procedures
Indirect revascularization procedures
ICH
MCA aneurysm
Basillar aneurysm
ACOM aneurysm
ICA clip
PCOM clipping
Paediatric procedures
Craniofacial
Prenatal surgery for myelomeningiocele
Spinal procedure
Cervical procedure
Cervical fixation
C0/1/2 fixation
C0 fixation
C1 fixation
C2 fixation
Single-Stage Anterior Release and Posterior Instrumented Fusion in Irreducible Atlantoaxial Dislocation (IAAD) with Basilar Invagination
C3-C6 fixation
C7 fixation
Anterior odontoid screw
Anterior cervical pedicle screw
Anterior cervical ante displacement and fusion
Cervical spine osteotomy
Anterior Riew osteotomy
Subaxial facet dislocation reduction techniques
Cervical procedure complications
Closed reduction
Anterior cervical procedure
ACDF
Cervical disc arthroplasty
Vertebral body sliding osteotomy (VBSO)
Approaches that Protect the Pharyngeal Plexus
Posterior cervical procedure
Laminoplasty
Laminoplasty Failure Requiring Revision Surgery
Cervical foraminotomy
Muscle-preserving exposure techniques
Osteoplastic laminotomy
Robotic spine surgery
Spinal navigation
TL spine procedures
Thoracolumbar approaches
Thoracic approaches
Thoracic discectomy
Lumbar internal laminectomy/Fenestration and undercutting spinous process
Interbody fusion
ALIF Anterior lumbar interbody fusion
PLIF Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
TLIF Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
MIS TLIF Minimally Invasive TLIF
Extreme Lateral EX Interbody Fusion
Standalone EXLIF
OLIF Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion
UBE fusion
Transpedicular Vertebrectomy + Expandable Cage Insertion
Hong kong and modified hong kong procedure
Fixation
L5 satellite screw
MIDLIF
Lumbar discectomy
Lumbar decompression
Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty
Lumbar disc arthroplasty
Spinopelvic fixation
S2 sacral iliac screws
Separation surgery for MSCC
Growth rod
Deformity techniques
Osteotomy
SRS-Schwab osteotomy classification
Grade 1 osteotomy
Grade 2 osteotomy
Grade 3 Osteotomy
Grade 4 Osteotomy
Grade 5 osteotomy
SUK three column vertebral osteotomy
Vertebral column decancellation
Staged instrumentation with magnetically controlled growing rods
Two stage surgery
Grade 6 osteotomy
FBI (
MIS deformity
Anterior instrumented fusion for AIS
Single position surgery
Deformity correction techniques
Spinal release
Paediatric traction technique
Ilio-sacral screw
Wiltse
Total En Bloc Spondylectomy
Single Posterior Approach
Modified Single Posterior Approach (Paraspinal Approach)
Anteroposterior Double Approach
Posterior-Anterior-Posterior Approach
VR/AR in spinal surgery
Spinal injections
Nerve-root blocks
Caudal epidural
Trigger point injections
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
Facet joint injections
Endoscopic spine surgery
Endoscopic Cervical
PTED
Implants
Rod
Screw
Anterior column spinal implants
Anterior cervical plating
Myelomeningiocele surgery
Postnatal repair of Open Myelomeningiocele
Prenatal myelomeningocele surgery
Tubular surgery
USS techniques
Awake spine surgery
Intradural procedures
Intradural Intramedullary
Intradural extramedullary
Radiology
MRI
MRI safety in neuromodulation
Tumour imaging
MRI for spine
Post OP spinal MRI
fMRI
Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI)
Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)
Diffuse tensor imaging (DTI)
MRI flow
Sq for MRI
MR signal types
Sq: CISS/Fiesta
MRI spectroscopy
Haemorrhagic changes over time
MR compatibility aneurysm clips
Black-blood MR angiography (BBMRA)
Minimum MinIP and Maximum MIP intensity projection
MRA
Short tau inversion recovery (STIR)
Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)
MR perfusion weighted imaging
MRI basic science
Nuclear medicine
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Technetium-99m
PET scan
Scintigraphy
Radiology general
Intentionally retained surgical material
Basic radiology
Ultrasound scan
CT
CT myelography
CT guided biopsy
CT angiography
CT perfusion
X-ray
Plain Skiagraphy/Radiography
Intervention
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
Catheter spinal angiography
Trauma
Head Trauma general
Normal head trauma
Pressure and viscosity
CO2 reactivity
Arterial oxygen content (CaO2)
TBI classification
Severity of head injury
The extent of structural damage (CT classification)
Injury burden: Extracranial injuries
Mechanism of injury
Pathophysiology of Head Trauma
Radiographic evaluation
Associated severe systemic injuries
TBI biomarker
Indication for CT
Prognostic scores
Primary head Injury
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)
Subdural haematoma (SDH)
Acute SDH
Subacute SDH
Chronic SDH
Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI)
Traumatic cervical artery dissections
Carotid artery blunt injuries
Vertebral artery blunt injuries
Concussion
Mild head injury complication
Second impact syndrome (SIS)
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
Post concussion syndrome (PCS)
Post mild TBI seizure
Epidural haematoma (EDH)
Bilateral EDH
Subarachnoid haematoma
IVH
Contusion
Herniations
Duret haemorrhage
High-altitude cerebral oedema
Penetrating brain injury (PBI)
CSF leak
Fractures
Skull fractures
Base of skull fractures
Craniofacial fractures
Pneumocephalus
Secondary head injury
Vascular physiology
Reactivity index
Pressure reactivity index (PRx)
Oxygen reactivity index (ORx)
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) disturbances
Cerebral blood volume (CBV)
Cerebral ischaemia
Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity
Cerebral metabolism
Cortical spreading depression
Seizure
Head injury ICP
Management of trauma
Neuromonitoring
Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)
Cerebral oxygenation monitoring
CBF monitoring
Cerebral microdialysis (CMD)
Electroencephalography and electrocorticography
ICP monitoring
Non‑invasive pressure estimation
Invasive ICP monitoring techniques
Prehospital management
Initial management
Stages
Non surgical
Electrolyte
Post Traumatic Hypopituitarism (PTHP)
Temperature
Anaesthesia
PaO2 and PbtO2
Head injury ICP management
Hyperosmolar therapy
Mannitol
Furosemide
Hypertonic saline (HS)
Hypertonic lactate solutions
Seizure management
Coagulopathy
Infection
Nutrition
Steroids in non-surgical
Hyperventilation (HPV)
Anaemia
Blood pressure
Glucose
Surgery
Ventriculostomy
Decompressive craniectomy
Trauma complications
Post traumatic HCP (PTH)
Syndrome of trephine
Cranioplasty
Paediatric cranioplasty
Literature
Statistic
Definition
Spine papers
Cervical spine
Radiculopathy
FACET
NECK
Lumbar disc disease
SPORTS
NERVES
Peul 2008
Injections paper
Fuchs 2005
Carette 1991
Fail back surgery syndrome
Vascular papers
Stroke papers
ICH general treatment done
Patch study
TICH 2
ICH removal
STICH
STICH II
MISTIE III
ENRICH trial
Switch trial
Endarectomy trials
Symptomatic
Asymptomatic
Bypass done
Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS)
Japan Adult Moyamoya (JAM) Trial
Japanese EC-IC Bypass Trial (JET)
The 1985 international EC-IC bypass study
Clip vs. Coil
ISAT
CLARYS
British aneurysm nimodipine trial (BANT)
Trauma papers
CADISS
RescueASDH
STITCH
Oxygen trials
BOOST
Temp trials
Temp paeds
EUROTHERM
NABIS II
Management of Seizures after Traumatic Brain Injury (MAST)
CRASH trials
CRASH 1
CRASH 2
CRASH 3
RescueICP
DECRA
Prehospital
BEST:TRIP trial
Paediatric papers
MOMS
ETV vs VPS
Functional papers
PD surgical
EARLYSTIM
CSF papers
BASICS trial
Pharmacology
Pharmacology general
Misc
Acetazolamide
Dopamine
Bromocriptine
P450 drugs
QT prolongation
Ca Channel blockers
Vasodilators and constrictors
Antiepileptics
Anti-inflammatory
Steroids in anti-inflammatory
NSAID
Skeletal muscle relaxant
Baclofen
Botulinum toxin
Neuromuscular blockade
Anti-platelet-coagulation
Anticoagulants and antiplatelet
Warfarin
Assessment
Coagulation cascade
Haemostatic agents neurosurgery
Types of bleeding
Coagulation methods
Electrical coagulation
Mechanical coagulation
Chemical coagulation
Surgical hemostatic
Tranexamic acid (TXA)
Protamine
Major haemorrhage
Thromboelastography (TEG)
Blood products
DVT prophylaxis
Anaesthetic
Barbiturates
Analgesia
Local anaesthetics
Neuropathic meds
Opioids
Paracetamol
Chemotherapy
Vasodilators
Papaverine
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
Nitric oxide
Antibiotics
Cell wall synthesis
Peptidoglycan synthesis
Peptidoglycan cross-linking
Antiemetic
Antidepressants
BP
AntiHTN
Inotropes
Infection
General infection
Ventilation associated pneumonia
Gram stain
Cranial infection
Cerebral abscess
Viruses
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
HSV encephalitis
Herpes encephalitis
Fungal infections
Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Coccidiomycosis
Candidiasis
Aspergillosis
Mucormycosis
Parasites
Worms
Nematodes (roundworms)
Cestodes (tapeworms)
Echinococcus
Neurocysticercosis
Schistosomiasis
Paragonimiasis
Protozoa
Toxoplasmosis
Amoebic infection
Malaria
Trypanosomiasis
Preventing infections
Meningitis
Febrile seizures
Shunt infections
Post op wound infections
Osteomyelitis of skull
TB Meningitis
Tuberculous vertebral osteomyelitis
Skull TB
Syphilis
Subdural empyema
Cranial extradural abscess
Encephalitis
TORCHES infection
Lyme disease
Listeria
Spinal infection
Spinal epidural abscess (SEA)
Vertebral osteomyelitis (VO)
Tuberculosis
Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis
Brucella pyogenic spondylodiscitis
Psoas abscess
Grisel's syndrome
SSI
Spinal subdural empyemas (SSE)
Intramedullary spinal cord abscesses (ISCAs)
Treatment for infection
Sepsis
Functional
Pain
Pain definition
Persistent spinal pain syndrome
Trigeminal neuralgia
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
Chronic Pain
Phantom limb pain
Referred pain
Movement disorders
Movement disorder symptoms
Dystonia
Torticollis
Tremor
Essential tremor
Secondary parkinsonism
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson treatment
Movement disorder radiology
Hemiballismus
Huntington’s disease
Psychiatric
Tourette’s syndrome
OCD
Depression
Dementia
Anorexia
Craniofacial pain
Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs)
Cluster headache
Unilateral neuralgiform headache
Paroxysmal headache
Hemicrania Continua (HC)
Migraine
Otalgia
Compressive vascular disorder
Trigeminal neuralgia (TGN)
Hemifacial spasm (HFS)
Vago-glossopharyngeal neuralgia (VGPN)
Superior laryngeal neuralgia
Nervus intermedius neuralgia
Vestibular paroxysmia
Temporal (giant cell) arteritis
Spasticity
Medical spasticity
Surgical spasticity
Neurosurgery
Plastics
Orthopaedics
Seizure
Nonepileptic seizures
Work-up of seizures
Work up paeds
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Scalp electrodes
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Invasive recordings
Radiology assessment for epilepsy
Neuropsychological assessment for epilepsy
Semiology
Temporal lobes epilepsies
Frontal lobe epilepsies
Parietal lobe seizures
Occipital lobe epilepsies
Seizure classification
Aetiology of lesions causing epilepsy
Epilepsy syndrome
Epilepsy syndrome on neonatal period
Epilepsy syndrome on infancy
Epilepsy syndrome on childhood
Epilepsy syndrome on adolescence/adulthood
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)
Outcome scale
Status epilepticus (SE)
Anti epileptic medication
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)
Basic science
Types of collagen
Examination
Cranial
GCS
Spine
Cervical
Neurosurgery notes
Menu
Other specialities
ITU
Endocrine
Hyponatraemia
SIADH
Osmotic demyelination syndrome
CSW
Hypernatremia
Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI)
Addisonian crisis
Respiratory
Basic science respiratory
Mechanical ventilation
ARDS
Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Respiratory failure
Venous air embolus (VAE)
Cardiac
Advanced life support (ALS)
Myocardial infarction (MI)
ECG
Random
Brainstem death
Ancillary confirmatory tests
How to define if someone is extubate able
Pre op diabetes management
Odd ITU
Organ donation
Basic Principles of Neuroanaesthesia
Renal
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA)
Collecting ducts
Neurology
Neurology general
Leukodystrophies
Lysosomal storage disease
Mitochondrial disease
Sleep
Sleep stages
Sleep abnormalities
Etoh-related neurological disorders
Poisoning
Learning difficulties
Paraneoplastic
Ataxia
Vit Deficiency causing neurology
Vit B1 (thiamine)
Vit B5 (Pantothenic acid)
Vit B6 (Pyridoxine)
Vit B9 (Folate)
Vit B12
Vit E
Syncope
Neuropathy
Autoimmune
Guillian-
Myasthenia gravis
Ocular myasthenia gravis
Weakness
Genetic disease
Motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Spinal muscular atrophy
Neuroinflam
Rasmussen’s encephalitis
Neurosarcoidosis
Myelitis
Dementia
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD)
Vascular dementia
Alzheimer’s dementia
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)
Lewy body dementia
Pick’s disease
Demyelination
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)
Tumefactive demyelination
Multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block (MMN)
Muscular
Muscular dystrophy
Inclusion body myositis
Myotonic dystrophy
Botulism
Post column dysfunction
Friedreich’s ataxia
Subacute degeneration of the posterior column
CSF
Hydrocephalus (HCP)
Slit ventricle syndrome
Shunt-induced craniocerebral disproportion (CCD)
Chronic HCP
X-linked hydrocephalus
Arrested hydrocephalus
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)
Hydrocephalus and pregnancy
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH)
Longstanding overt ventriculomegaly in adults (LOVA)
Entrapped 4ᵗʰ ventricle
Extraventricular obstructive HCP
Intracranial hypotension
CSF fistula
Cranial CSF fistula
Spinal CSF fistula
Others CSF
Subdural pathology
Subdural effusion
Benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces
CSF and ICP
subitem 1
subitem 2
subitem 3
subitem 4
Peripheral nerves disorders
Brachial plexus injury
Brachial plexus anatomy
Tumours
Cyst and tumour like lesions
Rathke's cleft cyst
Esthesioneuroblastoma
Colloid cyst
Pineal cyst
Dermoid and Epidermoid cyst
Epidermoid cysts
Scalp Epidermoid
Dermoid cyst
Sellar tumours
Craniopharyngioma
Craniopharyngioma treatment
Types of craniopharyngioma
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma
Papillary craniopharyngiomas
Granular cell tumour of the sellar region
Pituicytoma
Spindle cell oncocytoma
Pituitary adenoma/Pituitary neuroendocrine tumour
Special tests
Pituitary apoplexy
Acromegaly
Growth Hormone deficiency
Cushing disease
Cushing syndrome
Diagnosis and Management of CS in Children
Prolactinomas
TSH secreting tumour
Pituitary blastoma
Pineal tumours
Pineal parenchymal tumour
Pineocytoma
Pineal parenchymal tumour of intermediate differentiation (PPTID)
Pineoblastoma
Papillary tumour of the pineal region
Desmoplastic myxoid tumour of the pineal region, SMARCB1-mutant
Meningioma
Olfactory Groove Meningiomas
Tuberculum sellae meningioma
Convexity Meningiomas
Sphenoid wing (Lateral and middle)
Spheno-orbital meningioma
Clinoidal Meningiomas
Parasagittal meningioma
Falcine Meningiomas
Peritorcular Meningiomas
Tentorial meningioma
Clival and petroclival meningiomas
Spinal meningiomas
Calvarial meningiomas
Intraventricular meningiomas
Foramen magnum meningiomas (FMM)
Mesenchymal non meningothelial tumours
Soft tissue tumors
Solitary fibrous tumour (SFT)
Hemangiomas and vascular malformations
Haemangioblastoma
Ewing sarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Intracranial mesenchymal tumor, FET-CREB fusion-positive
CIC-rearranged sarcoma
Primary intracranial sarcoma, DICER1-mutant
Chondro-osseous tumors
Chondrogenic tumors
Chondrosarcoma
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
Notochordal tumors
Chordomas
Others tumour
Tectal plate glioma
Adenoid Cystic Cancer
Germ cell tumours
Germinoma
Embryonal carcinoma
GCT management
Non germinomas
Mixed germ cell tumour
Choriocarcinoma
Immature teratoma
Mature teratoma
Yolk sac tumour
Teratoma with somatic-type malignancy
Haematolymphoid and histiocytic tumours
Lymphomas
Primary diffuse large В-cell lymphoma of the CNS
Immunodeficiency-associated CNS lymphomas
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma
Other Low grade B-cell and T-cell lymphomas
T-cell and NK/T-cell lymphomas
Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL)
NK/T-cell Lymphoma (Nasal Type)
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+/ALK−)
MALT lymphoma of the dura
Histiocytic tumour
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Erdheim Chester disease
Rosai-Dorfman disease
Juvenile xanthogranuloma
Histiocytic sarcoma
Embryonal tumours
Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma treatment
Medulloblastoma, WNT-activated
Medulloblastoma, SHH-activated, TP53-mutant
Medulloblastoma, SHH-activated, TP53-wildtype
Medulloblastoma, non-WNT/non-SHH
Medulloblastoma, non-WNT/non-SHH, group 3
Medulloblastoma, non-WNT/non-SHH, group 4
Medulloblastoma histologically defined
Other CNS embryonal tumors
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour (AT/RT)
Cribriform neuroepithelial tumor CRINET
Embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes
CNS neuroblastoma, FOXR2 activated
CNS tumor with BCOR internal tandem duplication
CNS embryonal tumour NEC/NOS
Choroid plexus tumours
Choroid plexus papilloma
Atypical choroid plexus papilloma
Choroid plexus carcinoma
Cranial and paraspinal nerve tumours
Schwannoma
Vestibular schwannoma
Histological subtype
Neurofibroma
Atypical neurofibromatous neoplasm of unknown biological potential (ANNUBP)
Perineurioma
Hybrid nerve sheath tumour
Malignant melanotic nerve sheath tumour
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST)
Cauda equina neuroendocrine tumour
Paraganglioma (Glomus tumour)
Carotid body tumors
Glomus tumours
Melanocytic tumours
Diffuse meningeal melanocytic neoplasms: Melanocytosis and melanomatosis
Circumscribed meningeal melanocytic neoplasms: Melanocytoma and melanoma
Metastatic CNS tumour
Brain mets Management
Specific cancer
Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)
Metastases to the meninges
Craniocervical junction tumours
Gliomas, Glioneuronal Tumors, and Neuronal Tumors
Subependymoma
Ependymoma
Spinal ependymoma (SE)
Spinal cord ependymoma, MYCN-amplified
Myxopapillary ependymoma (SP-MPE)
Supratentorial ependymoma (STE)
Supratentorial ependymoma, ZFTA fusion-positive
Supratentorial ependymoma, YAP1 fusion-positive
Posterior fossa ependymoma (PF)
Posterior fossa ependymoma, group A (PFA)
Posterior fossa ependymoma, group B (PFB)
Anaplastic ependymoma
Adult type diffuse astrocytoma
Low grade gliomas
Astrocytoma, IDH mutant
Gliomatosis cerebra growth pattern
Grade 2 Astrocytoma IDH mutant
Grade 3 Astrocytoma IDH mutant
Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted
Oligodendroglioma grade 2
Oligodendroglioma grade 3
LGG treatment
High grade Gliomas
Glioblastoma IDH mutant
Glioblastoma IDH wildtype
Multiple lesional glioblastomas
HGG treatment
Circumscribed astrocytic gliomas
Pilocytic astrocytoma
Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle
Astroblastoma, MN1-altered
Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA)
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)
Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (APX)
High-grade astrocytoma with piloid features (HGAP)
Pilomyxoid astrocytoma
Glioneuronal and neuronal tumours
Cerebellar liponeurocytoma
Dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma (Lhermitte-Duclos disease)
Ganglioglioma
Anaplastic ganglioglioma
Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumour (MVNT)
Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumour (DLGNT)
Myxoid glioneuronal tumor
Rosette forming glioneuronal tumour (RGNT)
Papillary glioneuronal tumour
Diffuse glioneuronal tumour with oligodendroglioma-like features and nuclear clusters (DGONC)
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour (DNET)
Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma / desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma
Gangliocytoma
Central neurocytoma
Extraventricular neurocytoma
Paediatrics type diffuse astrocytoma
Paediatric-type low-grade diffuse gliomas
Diffuse astrocytoma, MYB- or MYBL1-altered
Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumour of the young (PLNTY)
Diffuse low-grade glioma, MAPK pathway-altered
Angiocentric glioma
Paediatric-type high-grade diffuse gliomas
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered
Diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant
Diffuse paediatric-type high-grade glioma, H3-wildtype and IDH-wildtype
Infant-type hemispheric glioma
Tumour syndrome
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)
NF1 scoliosis subtypes
Schwannoma Predisposition Syndromes (SPS)
Schwannomatosis (old)
Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2)
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)
Neurocutaneous melanosis (NCM)
Von Hippel Lindau syndrome
Turcot syndrome
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
Rhabdoid tumour predisposition syndrome
Cowden syndrome
Peutz Jeghers syndrome
Carney complex (CNC)
Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT)
McCune Albright syndrome
Waardenburg syndrome
MEN
mTOR and RAS disorders
PIK3CA-Related overgrowth spectrum (PROS)
Proteus syndrome
Epidermal nevus syndromes (ENS)
Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis
Tumour genetics
CDKN2A/B (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors)
FGFR
SLC44A1-PRKCA fusion oncogene
MYB fusion
MYC overexpression
BRAF
MAPK pathway alterations
Brachyury
GNAQ
NRAS
DICER1 syndrome
C19MC amplification
LIN28A
Isochromosome 17q
SMARCA4 alterations
SMARCB1 loss
SHH
PTEN
TERT
Glioma pathology
Chromosomes 7/10
NOTCH1
EGFR amplification
TP53 gene
OLIG2
1p/19q CODELETION
ATRX
MGMT methylation
IDH mutation
Epigenetics
BCOR
Histone H3
Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs)
Immunohistochemical Stains
Pathobiology
Tumour general
CNS tumour summary
Whats new in 2021 WHO classification
Paediatric cranial tumours
Congenital brain tumours <60days
Young children <3yo
Childhood and pre-adolescent 3-11yo
Paeds sellar tumours
Paediatric spinal tumours
Treatment for brain tumours
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Post radiotherapy changes
Radiotherapy techniques
Immunotherapy
Mechanism of treatment resistance
Brain tumour markers
Adult differential diagnosis
Location based differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis for CP angle masses
Optic pathway gliomas
Midline tumours
Posterior fossa tumour
Skull base tumours
Pineal region tumours
Intraventricular based
Dural based lesions
Untitled
Classification
Pathology differential diagnosis
Rosettes
Bodies
Paediatric Cranial tumours
HCP in Paediatric tumours
Paediatric spinal tumours

Start your neurosurgical education with us

Learn about the macroscopic and microscopic neuroanatomy and various neurosurgical techniques. We cover all the neurosurgical diseases
Learn about the different diseases and how they differ. We cover a wide range of neurosurgical diseases such as CNS tumours, trauma, paediatrics and spine.

Pricing

Annual subscription
£ 5 / month * 12 = £ 60
Monthly subscription
£ 6 / month

What our users say

XXX

XXX
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
YYY

YYY
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
ZZZ

ZZZ
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

FAQ

How to subscribe
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aliquam sem ex, dignissim varius bibendum pellentesque, condimentum nec ante elit. Aliquam sem ex, dignissim varius bibendum pell.
Have issues with login ?
Contact us
How to use the website ?
Select a topic from the menu. There are multiple topics that are nested within each toggle, expand them.
Each page contains headings that have nested information in them so make sure to expand them.
In each page there is a floating menu which can be clicked. This floating menu can guide you to other parts of the same page or to other pages within the website.
Whats special about neurosurgery notes
All information is up to date and continuously evolving
Information are all carefully arranged and sorted to help build a good understanding of any neurosurgical topic at hand.
All information is stored hierarchically in point form to make reading and digesting knowledge systematic.

About us

Neurosurgery notes is a website with the aims of becoming the only online resource one needs to cover the entire Neurosurgery syllabus. It contains over 2000 individual pages. All information is written in a bullet point format that makes understanding and ingestion of knowledge easy. The author (See Yung) initially collated all the neurosurgery notes throughout his training and now has complied it into an easy to use website.

bullet:hide

Questions

Essay

Podcast

Lecture